Abstract Title: What is the Cyclotron ?
Theme: Nuclear Medicine
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Authors

  • Eng. Faris Jamal Gashlan

Institutions

  • Senior Radiological Health Risk Assessment
  • Saudi Food & Drug Authority
  • Medical Device Sector

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Background

The field of nuclear engineering and physical engineering are widely used in many medical facilities, this project is to study all positive aspects in cyclotron field and reduce the negative aspects, and to assist nuclear medicine departments to have a good quality of medical services and to get high-quality types of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and treatment. We designed and manufactured two products to develop the cyclotron field after we trained in KFSH&RC in Riyadh we've seen some deficiencies in the system and we have decided to have a solution for them, and these products were chosen after many case studies there. Trying to take advantage of the nuclear field, and its contribution to the medical field, we started with a Cyclotron Anatomy prototype to assists all nuclear engineering students to study all nuclear principles and all operating principles of cyclotron so that they can have a better understanding. And also we designed JAVA language software for Cyclotron production and information searching to assists the workers and technicians to have a trusted reference for radiopharmaceuticals production information and to know about all important information, production skills and to open more avenues for new research.

Acknowledgement

I would like to express our deep gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty Engineering at King Abdul Aziz University Dr. Abdul Raheem Kinsara and the Chairman of Nuclear Engineering Dr. Mohammad Al-Johani for their Support and assistance throughout our study. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Dheya S. AlOthamany, Chairman of Mining at the Engineering Dept. for supervising our research, and for his guidance and useful critiques of this project. I would also like to thank the Head of Cyclotron Dept. at KFSH & RC Engr. Salman M. Miliebari, for his advice and assistance in keeping our progress on Cyclotron Course and Practical Training. Our grateful thanks are also extended to Al FouzLathing Workshop Manager Eng. Fahad Haddad, for his Cooperation to design and build the Cyclotron Anatomy prototype as well as we would also like to extend our thanks to Senior Electrical Engineer Ammar Bin Seddeq for his Cooperation in Designing the Medical Cyclotron Production Reference Software. We would also like to thank the Medical Physicist Eng. AbdulazizAlFawdaee and Senior Electrical Eng. Ibrahim Goutah for their cooperation with us in typing the research report.

Finally, the deepest regards and gratefulness are dedicated to our parents for their lifelong support and care.

Summary of Work

 

  • Situation Description:

The Cyclotron has modern techniques to produce radiopharmaceutical to help Nuclear medicine fields. It's preferred for the Cyclotron to be in the same facility where the nuclear medicine application will be. Then it can help the patients for diagnostic and therapy without any loss of radioactivity for these pharmaceuticals.
We’ve noticed that there’s poor knowledge in Educational levels and occupational levels, which will affect the Economic growth and the increasing demand for Cyclotron Radiopharmaceuticals products in Medical Institutions worldwide. Because of the different techniques, there should be a friendly way for the workers to be more efficient and to reach a high-quality level at work. The educational facility should support and include cyclotron courses and techniques into study plans to let the students be updated to the new growth in this field.

  • Problem Definition:

The general problem we faced is that there is a new domain of using and producing Radiopharmaceuticals in our country. The other problem is to raise the awareness and the importance of having a cyclotron in each facility and to make the availability of  Radiopharmaceuticals possible and easy. That will help the medical facility to diagnose and treat more cases of cancer and other diseases. There are needs for learning and giving more useful medical information for patients and the public beside the workers. Cancer is complicated to deal with if it has reached the stage of proliferation in the human body or if it’s located in a sensitive organ, e.g. brain.

  • The Objectives of Medical Nuclear Cyclotron:
  1. Improve and accelerate the techniques of cancer detection through highly qualified nuclear engineers and field workers.
  2. Build user-friendly software to let the medical Cyclotron production easier, faster, efficient and scheduled.
  3. Suggest and develop new ways of teaching nuclear field students so that they can be up to date to the basic principles and the latest technologies in Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals production.
  4. Let new students in medical nuclear fields have primary experience and skills of using radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine for diagnostics or therapy.
  5. Have equipped the application of shielding simulation to assist radiation safety officers to apply the right protection plan for the medical Cyclotron facility.
Summary of Results

  • Prototypes:

It’s a Cyclotron anatomy principle prototype let all the Nuclear Engineering Students and also Biomedical Students study the Cyclotron and production principle and Nuclear Reaction basic idea and how to change the Target Material to Radiopharmaceutical solution used in Nuclear Medicine cases in Therapy and Diagnostics from the 7 Productive elements discussed in Appendix B, and all of the other facilities and important equipment to operate the cyclotron machine. 

  • Computer Software:

It’s a JAVA Language software-based and depended on Searching of Radiopharmaceuticals information reference to assist the workers and Technicians to find the ideal production Energy, Target materials, type of targets whether its Gas, Solid or Liquid, and Which organ will be Diagnosed using Radiopharmaceuticals productions, Chart of Nuclide of the radiopharmaceuticals, type of pharmacy product whether its Capsules or Solutions and all information reference will be needed.

  • Software Commercial name:

MCPRS (Medical Cyclotron Production Reference Software).

Conclusion

After the completion of this project, we hope that it has positive changes in the field of nuclear engineering and engineering physics to make sure of all medical scientific, economic, professional and quality aspects of all specialized Radiopharmaceuticals materials. Our goal is to benefit students in the Arab Gulf states, to whom we have done the project and have the potential to develop new ideas and continue the development of education in student's projects that had already been completed as development continues by students with new ideas and possibilities.

References
  1. Rutgers 12- inch cyclotron 2012 ( Rutgers university, department of physics and astronomy)
  2. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Directory of Cyclotrons used for Radionuclide Production in the Member States, 2006 Update.
  3. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides, Physical Characteristics, and Production Methods, Technical Reports Series No.468, Vienna 2009
  4. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice Technical Reports Series No. 465, Vienna 2008
Background

 

  • What is Cyclotron?

A cyclotron is a type of compact particle accelerator used to produce quantities of radioactive isotopes called positron emitters. Stable, non-radioactive isotopes are put into the cyclotron which accelerates charged particles to high energy in a magnetic field. The stable isotopes then react with a beam to form radioactive isotopes, which are then taken from the cyclotron, transformed into positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals (PERs) within the facility’s laboratories and are delivered to nuclear medicine where they are used for imaging procedures. Cyclotrons are clean nuclear technology and create very little radioactive waste as a result of their operation.

  • What will the products of the cyclotron be used for?

The PERs will be used for an imaging procedure on patients called positron emission tomography or PET. PET is the most advanced medical diagnostic imaging technology available today for:

  1. Early and accurate detection of cancer.
  2. detecting certain diseases of the heart and brain.

The radioactive isotopes generally used in PET are short-lived, with half-lives between 2-110 minutes. This means the isotopes must be generated in close proximity to the PET scanner. Currently, St Joseph’s relies on F-18 radioisotope for PET supplied from the Hamilton cyclotron.

  • Is cyclotron safe?

The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC - the same federal agency that shut down Chalk River) oversees the license application process. A total of three licenses will need to be obtained:
• License to construct
• License to operate (including commissioning).
• License to service

Regular monitoring, yearly annual reports, and five-year license renewals are a necessity to ensure compliance with CNSC regulations. All exposure levels to staff working in the facility, outside the facility as well as guests to St. Joseph’s are well
below the CNSC allowable limits. As well, the isotopes have a relatively short half-life and within 24 hours they are
no longer radioactive. The research institute of London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph’s Health Care,
London.

  • What is the difference between a cyclotron and a nuclear reactor?

A nuclear reactor such as Chalk River utilizes uranium to generate fission products and neutrons resulting in the creation of long-lived radioisotopes. Large quantities of radioactive waste are created. These radioisotopes are also required in nuclear
medicine procedures. Due to their long half-lives, they can be transported to St. Joseph’s from facilities such as Chalk River.

  • How are Radiation Exposure Levels Measured?

Radiation exposure is calculated in units called Sieverts. Exposure rates stated as millisieverts (mSv) are one-thousandth of a Sievert. Personal dosimeters and area monitors (facility, outside and exhaust) along with CNSC enforcement ensure exposure to radiation is kept to a minimum and well below the allowable limit.

Acknowledgement
Summary of Work
Summary of Results
  • Computer Software Functionality:
  1. • Assists the worker in searching the ideal way to produce the Radiopharmaceuticals.
  2. Assists the worker for Cyclotron research.
  3. Assists the workers to have a Software reference for production information.
  4. Assists the Students for scientific journal research.
  5. Assists the Students to Develop and Update the software database.
  6. Free software for all users
  7. User-friendly.
  8. Cross-platform applicable (Windows and Apple).
Conclusion
  • Recommendations:
  1. Providing radiopharmaceuticals with high quality for the purposes of diagnosis and treatment through the development of personnel and production methods.
  2. Achieving self-sufficiency of these products in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
  3. Making efforts to conduct basic scientific research and applying it for the
  4. Purposes of the development and discovery of new pharmaceutical products for Medical uses.
  5. Keeping constant quest to provide education and training opportunities in the Cyclotron field technology and other Medical fields and sections of various degrees and in addition to scientific quality control.
  6. Following a scientific approach of the Nuclear Engineering Department (Engineering Medical Physics) in all cities of the Kingdom to raise awareness and education for generations to society.
  7. • Establishing conferences and medical courses and seminars in various medical constructs for all levels of learning and scientific education and Quote Development ideas and take them into account, which helps the development of the field and put patents in this area.
  • Did you know?
  1. A coast-to-coast round trip in Canada by airplane exposes you to 0.05 mSv of radiation, the same as the CNSC annual limit for a member of the public.
  2. Canada has an average background radiation dose of 2.0 mSv/yr
  3. Bananas are a natural source of radiation
  4. Watching TV = 0.01 mSv
  5. Dental X-ray = 0.20 mSv
  6. Chest X-ray = 0.30 mSv
  7. CT scan = 4.0 mSv
References
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