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Authors | Institution |
| Luke West | University of East Anglia - United Kingdom Twitter - @LukeWest85 |
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| Are YouTube videos an accurate and reliable source of educational information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)? |
Background
- Approximately 28,000 Cardiac arrests in UK annually1
- Good quality bystander CPR reduces mortality and morbidity2-4
- The internet allows dissemination of healthcare information2-7
- Videos improve cognitive ability and knowledge4
- Videos represent 2/3rds of downloaded data on the internet3
- YouTube is a freely accessible, easy to use platform2-5
- There are concerns regarding the risks of using such platforms due to the lack of regulation of the content and the dynamic nature of the platform2-6
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Summary of Work
- Literature search of MEDLINE using MeSH terms
- Search of YouTube for key words e.g. “CPR”, “Basic Life Support”, “BLS”
- Excluded videos included:
- Irrelevant videos e.g. Paediatric CPR, comedy, contained adverts, duplicates
- Lack of practical demonstration
- Videos in languages other than English or Portuguese4
- Analysis of :
- Source – subdivided into 5 categories
- Number of views/viewers per day
- Length of video
- Inclusion of mannequins for demonstration or scene re-enactment
- American Heart Association (AHA) 2010 CPR guidelines, scored out of 8 including the correct sequence and the tasks outlined (see more detail)
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Summary of Results
- Murugiah et al. (2011)2 – based on 52 videos
- Type = 40 CPR no Automated External Defibrillator (AED), 8 CPR + AED, 4 hands only CPR.
- Format = Instructional demo (30), instructions followed by scene enactment (17), scene enactment only (5).
- Demonstration = mannequin (28), real person (13), both (8), animation (2), still images (1)
- Credentials = unspecified credentials (25), credentials specified (9), private agency (12), news (3), government organisation (3)
- Tourinho et al. (2012)3 – based on 61 videos
- Category – 90% education section
- Divided based on search term BLS vs CPR
- Credentials = unspecified credentials (26), Corporation (20), government organisation (15)
- Yaylaci et al. (2014)4 – based on 209 videos
Conclusion
- Lack of identification of target audience2-3
- Lack of credentials and a lack of trusted sources of videos2-4
- Incorrect/outdated procedures – could affect quality of treatment2-4
- Higher viewer count did not correlate with good quality and accurate information2
- Scoring of viewability was subjective2-4
- No reviews of videos relating to paediatric and infant CPR4
- Lack of reviews in languages other than English or Portuguese2-4
- Searching of videos on YouTube.com does not allow analysis of views of videos posted on websites that are embedded in YouTube2
- YouTube content constantly changes, therefore, these studies only represent a “snapshot”2-3
Take-home Messages
- Good quality videos from trusted sources are lacking2-4, 6
- There is a role for video material in education especially given the advent of smartphones which may aid people in emergency situations2
- YouTube content is dynamic thus outdated material may be misleading, however, regulation or removal of material older than 5 years may resolve this issue2-6
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Acknowledgement
With thanks to the academic team at the University of East Anglia, especially Dr Veena Rodrigues, Ms Margaret Bunting and Dr Sam Leinster.
References
- Resuscitation Council. 2014. Consensus Paper on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in England. [pdf] Available at https://www.resus.org.uk/pages/OHCA_consensus_paper.pdf [accessed 11/01/2015]
- Murugiah, K., et al. 2011. YouTube as a source of information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 82, p332-334.
- Tourinho, F., et al. 2012. Analysis of YouTube videos on basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir. 39 (4), p335-339.
- Yaylaci, S., et al. 2014. Are YouTube videos accurate and reliable on basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation? Emergency Medicine Australasia. 26, p474-477.
- Topps, D., Helmer J., and Ellaway, R., 2013. YouTube as a Platform for Publishing Clinical Skills Training Videos. Academic Medicine. 88 (2) p192-197.
- Gabarron, E., et al. 2013. Identifying Measures Used in Assessing Quality of YouTube Videos with Patient Health Information: A Review of Current Literature. Interactive Journal of Medical Research. 2 (1) p1-9
- Unis, A., Khubrani, R., and Howatee, A., 2014. Impact of Emerging Web Technologies on Undergraduate Medical Education Process in the University of Tabuk. [pdf]. International Conference: New Perspectives in Science Education. Edition 4. Available at: http://conference.pixel-online.net/NPSE/acceptedabstracts_scheda.php?id_abs=265 [Accessed 20 December 2014]
- Youtube. 2010. Using the YouTube logo. [image online] Available at https://www.youtube.com/yt/brand/en-GB/using-logo.html [accessed 11/08/2015].
- Rencsi. 2009. How to Become a Group Fitness Instructor I Get CPR/AED Certified. 2009. [image online] Available at http://rencsi.com/b/tag/cardiopulmonary-resuscitation/ [accessed 11/08/2015]
- Samford First Responders. 2014. The “Chain of Survival”: American Heart Association. [image online} Available at http://www.sfrg.mysamford.com.au/chainofsurvival.htm [accessed 11/08/2015]
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